The Industrialization and Modernization of South Korea: From Historical Heritage to the Miracle on the Han River.

Tóm tắt

This paper examines the industrialization and modernization process of South Korea from the late 19th century to the late 20th century, focusing on the historical, political, and economic drivers led by Park Chung Hee. Rooted in Confucian heritage, the Kabo reforms, and the Japanese colonial experience, South Korea developed a strong awareness of education, science, and economic management. Park Chung Hee, with his strategic vision and political organizational skills, implemented five-year economic plans, established heavy and chemical industries, building POSCO, and research institutions such as KIST/KAIST, promoted exports, and introduced a model of “national capitalism” centered on large chaebols. Consequently, South Korea transformed from a poor agrarian society into a modern industrial nation, achieving 8-10% annual growth and becoming a regional economic power. The paper highlights the roles of education, practical learning (Silhak), collaboration with Japan, and innovation in industrialization. It also draws lessons on the importance of independence, self-reliance, and strategic adaptability for developing countries seeking rapid modernization and economic development.